The Working in Man in Tennessee Williams´ The Glass Menagerie

Tennessee Williams’ play, The Glass Menagerie, depicts the Wingfield family in a naturalistic viewpoint that highlights the importance of a man in the life of a woman. Without a husband in the play, Amanda’s son Tom is rendered as â€Å"the man of the house.† Williams attributes the monetary stability of the Wingfields entirely to Tom. Williams stresses the necessity of a working man through Tom so that women and children can be financially stable. As a naturalist, Tennessee Williams illustrates the characters’ reactions to various events and circumstances in accordance with man’s natural instincts of survival. Williams reveals Amanda in this approach, and he portrays naturalistic tendencies in her personality and character, her relationship†¦show more content†¦Amanda knows that Tom will follow his father’s footsteps and abandon the family, which is a naturalistic character trait. Amanda also believes that since her husband was an alcoholic, the mannerism is hereditary and Tom could become an alcoholic. Tom is supposedly genetically wired to learn from, and slightly imitate his father. After the departure of Tom, Williams shows the crucial necessity for a strong man to finance the women. Tennessee Williams hints that without the imperative backing of a man, Laura and Amanda likely perished. Like Amanda, Carrie Meeber would not have survived without a man to financially provide for her. Amanda especially views her daughter Laura, and the issues Laura has with men, in a naturalistic manner. Since Amanda’s husband left, Laura did not have a model of a spouse, which could contribute to her problems with finding a man. Laura never learned about men and marriage from her parents, and naturalists believe that young learn from their parents. Naturalists also think that traits and characteristics are hereditary, so Amanda’s failed marriage may attribute to Laura’s perpetual loneliness. Amanda’s naturalist views cause her to view Laura’s slight limp as a sign of disability. The philosophy of natural selection states that weak organisms will be eliminated, which is relatable to Laura. In a similar fashion to Laura, Carrie Meeber would not have survived without a man when she first moved to Minnie’s flat. After theShow MoreRelated Comparing Tennessee William’s Life and Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie1551 Words   |  7 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams is one of the greatest American playwrights. He was constantly shocking audiences with themes such as homosexuality, drug addictions, and rape. He broke free from taboos on such subjects, paving the way for future playwrights. He also was a very good writer. One of the things he is famous for is his dialogue, which is very poetic. Williams wrote about his life. The Glass Menagerie is a very autobiographical playRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams, born Thomas Lanier Williams, wrote The Glass Menagerie, a play which premiered in Chicago in 1944. This award winning play, autobiographical in nature, represented a time in which Williams felt the obligation of his responsibilities in regards to the care of his family. Robert DiYanni, Adjunct Professor of Humanities at New York University, rated it as, â€Å"One of his best-loved plays...a portrayal of loneliness among characters who confuseRead More Essay on Escape in The Glass Menagerie1047 Words   |  5 PagesEscape in The Glass Menagerie In Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, none of the characters are capable of living in the real world. Laura, Amanda, Tom and Jim use various methods to escape the brutalities of life. Laura retreats into a world of glass animals and old gramophone records. Amanda is obsessed with living in her past. Tom escapes into his world of poetry writing and movies. Jim also reverts to his past and remembers the days when he was a hero. Laura retreats intoRead More Misguided Love in The Glass Menagerie Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesMisguided Love in The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie, written by playwright Tennessee Williams, is the story of a family torn apart by heartbreak from the past and tragedy from the present. Williams parallels this play to his true life experience with his own family, which makes The Glass Menagerie an even more tragic version of what happens to a family when love is lost and abandonment is reality. Providing for a family can be an overwhelming responsibility, for there are many pitfallsRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Glass Menagerie by Tenessee Williams1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams had ordinary people in an ordinary life that closely resembled the influences of Williams’ personal life while having reoccurring themes and motifs throughout the story. The play has been done by many with some variations in the scripts and setting while still clinging to the basic ideas of the original play. Amanda Wingfield was a complex character that encompassed many facets of her personality. She longed to have the life she had as a girl and youngRead MoreTennessee Williams and Works, a Look at Illusion vs. Reality1625 Words   |  7 PagesIllusion Vs. Reality Tennessee Williams and his works deal heavily in the contrast of illusion and reality and the characters struggle with this. Illusion vs. Reality is a major theme is mostly all of his dramatic works. The majority of these characters find themselves in a state of illusion. This was intended by Tennessee Williams to show how unavoidable and definite falling into illusion, or insanity, can be. Williams sister Rose affected him greatly when she became schizophrenic. ThisRead MoreSymbolism in the Glass Menagerie Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in The Glass Menagerie Symbolism plays a fundamental part in Tennessee Williams’s play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†. Examples of the use of symbolism include the fire escape, as an escape from the family, the phonograph, as an escape from reality, the unicorn, as a symbol for Lauras uniqueness and the father’s photograph, representing something different to each character. Through recognition of these symbols, a greater understanding of the play’s theme is achieved. ThroughoutRead More Essay on Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie1171 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in The Glass Menagerie Symbolism plays an integral part in Williams’s play, The Glass Menagerie. Examples of the use of symbolism include the fire escape, as an escape from the family, the phonograph, as an escape from reality, the unicorn, as a symbol for Lauras uniqueness and the father’s photograph, representing something different to each character. Through regonition of these symbols, a greater understanding of the play’s theme is achieved. Throughout the play, Tom WingfieldRead MoreMemory and Reality in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie3119 Words   |  13 PagesMemory and Reality in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Being a memory play, it is dimly lighted, it is sentimental, it is not realistic. To what degree is the play memory and to what degree is it realistic? When a play employs unconventional techniques, it is not trying to escape its responsibility of dealing with reality, or interpreting experience, but is actually attempting to find a closer approach, a more penetrating and vivid expression of thingsRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1987 Words   |  8 PagesJessica Toelle Beth Orozco ENG102 29 February 2016 The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams, born Thomas Lanier Williams, wrote The Glass Menagerie, a play which premiered in Chicago in 1944. This award winning play, autobiographical in nature, represented a time in which Williams felt the obligation of his responsibilities in regards to the care of his family. Robert DiYanni, Adjunct Professor of Humanities at New York University, rated it as, â€Å"One of his best-loved plays

Love Is A Powerful Human Emotion - 1430 Words

Love is a powerful human emotion. Everyone will experience love at some point in their life. It is almost impossible to avoid love. From loving your parents as a baby to loving your first pet, you will encounter it. â€Å"Every human being is capable of love but unfortunately, many have crippled themselves with all kinds of stupid belief systems, opinions, philosophies, ideologies — everything except life. If you are life, it is very natural to love† (Sandhguru). The four young lovers in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† encountered love and ended up doing anything to keep that love. In the beginning of â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† Hermia and her father, Egeus, are arguing over who she should marry. Back in these times a father could decide who his daughter marries whether she loves the man or not. Hermia has fallen in love with Lysander but her father wants her to marry Demetrius. The love Hermia feels for Lysander is so strong that she doesn’t care what her father thinks. Hermia and Lysander form a plan to escape Athens and go into the woods where they can love freely. â€Å"In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Athens represents the physically grounded world of facts, while the woods represent the metaphysical world of the poet’s imagination† (Ritcher). The consequences of these actions do not even occur to Hermia and Lysander because the power of love blinds them. Hermia does not realize that she is breaking Athenian law by not wanting to marry the man her father has chosen for her. But againShow MoreRelatedComparing Emot ions : Love And Hate881 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Emotions: Love and Hate Emotions come with every thought and action that is had throughout the day. Whether it is an emotion towards an academic class, the nerves of meeting someone new, or even what is felt about the day as a whole; there is always an emotion that is being felt. The two most extreme emotions are hate and love. Most sub-emotions come from these two powerful feelings. Anger, happiness, sorrow, and anxiety can all be results of both love and hate. To most, these emotions seemRead MoreLove Has Many Definitions Essay791 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is love? Webster defines love as â€Å"a strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties maternal love for a child (2): attraction based on sexual desire: affection and tenderness felt by lovers (3): affection based on admiration, benevolence, or common interests love for his old schoolmates.† Love comes in many forms. Unconditional love, the love of a mother for her child, romantic love, the love for your partner and passi on or lust, a more sexual emotion towards a personRead MoreThe Theme Of Love In Hard Times By Charles Dickens1366 Words   |  6 Pagesarticulated by the American author Leo Buscaglia, â€Å"Man has no choice but to love. For when he does not, he finds his alternatives lie in loneliness, destruction and despair.† Love truly is an essential emotion that forms and strengthens one’s character, allowing one to empathize and connect with others. However, this powerful emotion is often undervalued and ignored in society, where the need for Fact triumphs over the need for love, and the mind is cultivated at the expense of the heart. Such a societyRead MoreRomance Love And Society1475 Words   |  6 PagesRomance, Love and Society Love is arguably one of the most overused words in the English vocabulary. People use love as a synonym for sexual desire, for expressing friendly care, or for appreciating inanimate objects. In a romantic date, for instance, one can say â€Å"I love you† to a beloved and, at the same time, say â€Å"I love this meal† in reference to the good food that was served. However, when it comes to love between two people, love or romance is a very powerful abstract force in human nature.Read MoreThe Nature Of Love As Described By Helen Fischer1255 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The evolution of love is ever changing. Its biochemical foundations and its vital importance to human society are informing and transforming the way we understand ourselves†. TED speaker Helen Fischer states that this expression known as love derives from three basic human neural happenings, sex drive, romantic love, and attachment. Once all of these stages fall into place within the brain, the phen omenon known as love occurs, according to Helen Fischer. The depth of it all depends on how deep,Read MoreTragedy Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pages4/2/12 Tragedy From Afar Catharsis, the dramatic event that describes the emotional cleansing of the general audience, prevails in many tragedies. It provides an extreme change in emotion, as the result of experiencing strong feelings. It has been described as †purification or a purging of emotions (Aristotle 22). Shakespeare’s Macbeth represented a tragedy, because of the  loss and destruction of lives. More specifically, the large-scale destruction and loss that resulted was Macbeth’sRead More1984 Analytical Essay861 Words   |  4 Pages992542 P.5 Finesse of Emotions What makes us human? What makes us human is our curiosity and constant evolution. What makes us human is the ability to create social categories and to form opinions. Abstract emotions including love, thought and creativity are what make us human. In 1984, George Orwell uses his dystopia to show that if we were to abolish these abstract emotions we would cease to be human and become the simple primates we once were; surviving for the sake of survival. Read MoreThe Divided Nature of Human Personality in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1108 Words   |  5 PagesHow does Stevenson explore the Divided Nature of Human personality abd Victorian Society in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Hyde? The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a Gothic Horror story written by Robert Louis Stevenson in the 19th Victorian Century. The story is told from the point of view of John Utterson, a lawyer and friend to the brilliant scientist, Dr. Henry Jekyll. After relating a disturbing tale of an angry fiend assaulting a small girl, Utterson begins to questionRead MorePresentation of Loss in Birdsong998 Words   |  4 Pagesafter the First World War. Automatically one would think of the loss of life that was suffered during this time, but the loss of life is not the only form loss suffered during this time. Standing side -by -side with the loss of life is the loss of love and the loss of faith. Faulks uses vivid descriptions and contrasting images to place the reader at the scene and make them empathise with the characters. Loss is one of the most poignant themes in the book, and is one that fuels a majority of theRead MoreWhat Is Love? What It Is?1527 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Love? When asked the question â€Å"What is Love?† what are some of the first things that come to mind? Some people might say it is an emotion that we experience when we interact with the world around us. People can have love for many things such as money and other material possessions, family and friends, even the world around them. These are just a few examples of how we often use love in our lives. However, love is not only confined to our lives, it is also a very important emotion in religions

Samsung Smart tv free essay sample

Executive Summary This report will display the history and background of the worldwide famous company Samsung; Which was established on march 1st 1938 by Byung Chull lee, as well as their exceptional 3d technology which is used in their televisions, in addition to future inventions and technology we wish to see. The company started by exporting dried Korean fish, sugar, along with fruits and vegetables. Through out the years Samsung slowly started getting into manufacturing equipment, and then to petrochemicals and acquiring insurance companies then finally they diversified into the position they are in. This paper will also explain and discuss how 3D was created, and how does it work. Also, special features will be mentioned as to why consumer should buy Samsung TV rather than other brands. Perks that make Samsung have that no other company possesses. Finally mentioning the products that are expected to be displayed and introduced to people in the near future, as well as, products we wish and hope to be created. We know that Samsung is one of the leading brands when it comes to mobile phones, appliances and other electronic gadgets. But what most of us don’t know is that Samsung has businesses in many other different industries. Samsung group has subsidiaries not just in the manufacturing but also in the service sector. Byung-Chull Lee created Samsung on March 1st 1938 with a starting capital of 30000 won ($27). The company originally started by exporting dried Korean fish, sugar, along with fruits and vegetables to Beijing and Manchuria. Within a duration of 10 years Samsung had transformed from a small exporting company to a big and thriving firm that owns its own woolen mills, plants and manufacturing equipment. In the year of 1969 Samsung showed interest in chemicals, shipbuilding and home electronics. The business later expanded by investing in heavy industries, petrochemicals and acquiring insurance companies. Later in the 1980s Samsung began heading towards larger technology focus. In order to continue prospering the company  got a new management in the 1990s. [Samsung, ND] Samsung’s main building lies in South Korea; their blue colored logo is a representation of solidity and dependability. The word Samsung translates into 3 stars and each star has its own respective meaning; to serve the nation throughout issues, to put human resources over the material resources and efficient management activity. During its foundation Samsung was inferior to big name brands such as Panasonic and Sony, and had the appeal of selling low-priced products. Vice chairman Yoon Jung Yong created the ‘Sashimi theory’, which basically says that timing is everything when it comes to maximizing electronic profits. Samsung used the method of showcasing the newest technology first before any of their competitors do, that way they get to charge premium prices unlike their competitors. [kennesaw, 2009] After the Korean World war, Samsung didn’t have the sufficient technology needed to manufacture their products, and so they started importing components from other countries, which is what they used in assembling black and white televisions. Then they started acquiring technology from foreign firms and focused on developing and improving this technology for their own use to expand their product range. [Samsung, ND] When Byung Chull Lee passed away his son Kunhee Lee became the new chairman. ‘Samsung Group’ now has around 60 subsidiaries such as Samsung Electronics, Samsung Insurance Company, Samsung Heavy Industries , Samsung construction trading, Samsung Everland, etc. [Samsung, ND] A run through on the progression of Samsung’s technology and the evolution of the TVs they produce can enlighten people regarding their views on Samsung’s products, how it started and how they got to producing one of the best 3D TVs. The first production of Black-and-White TV was started by Samsung-Sanyo in 1970. Next was the production of colored TVs and this was the start of Samsung’s unstoppable production of new TVs and leading in the market. Some of their achievements from year 1995-1998 are the introduction of the world’s first 33inch double-screen TV, developing the world’s first 30inch TFT-LCD and completely developing the flat-screen TV. Samsung also produced the world’s first 3D TFT-LCD monitor in year 1999. And with the help of advance technology, Samsung started the first mass production of digital TVs. In year 2009, Samsung released its 120Hz 3D monitor and started mass-producing the industry’s first 3D TV panels in 2010. In the same year was also their launch of the world’s first â€Å"Full HD 3D LED TV† and first 3D Home Theater. Samsung started manufacturing 3D TVs to stay on top of the market. By producing it first ahead of their competitors, they were able to achieve top share in the TFT-LCD market. And this is due to their continuous innovation and their drive to always bring out something new. (Samsung, n.d.) The majority of the population know that a television, any television, creates a 2 dimensional image, but have you ever wondered how a 3 dimensional television works? People nowadays have the chance not only to watch a movie, but also experience it and almost be a part of it. All this became possible due to an advanced technology called 3D. The illusion of 3 dimensions relies exclusively to the fact that a particular distance separates our eyes. When our eyes are looking at a specific image (3D), each eye sees it at a slightly different angle and because our brain is so delicate it joins the two images together helping our brain to understand it as a 3 dimensional image that seems realistic. Down from the old Red View master all the way to up to the Avatar shown at IMAX. Through View master each of our eyes received a completely separate image. Although there are completely 2 different methods on which the 3D movies and the television rely on. One of the methods works by combining two images to create the effect of one image. Using a polarized filter or a color filter images can be altered. The color filter requires a user to wear 3D glasses that have two different colored lenses,† the glasses then block out one of the two combined images so each eye sees a different angle of the same shot producing a 3D effect. A naglyph was the method that originally required 3D to be created without a color image, but through modern advances the 3D can now be done in color although color quality still suffers. Using the same principle polarization alters the waves of light the viewer receives, rather than altering the color of the image. Polarized lenses are convenient because they show just one image to each eye, therefore with its best quality it is used in most of the 3D cinemas. There is a second method as well that involves 3D glasses with LCD screens for lenses. â€Å"The glasses are synced to the display via infrared or another method and the two different angles of each frame are shown sequentially to the viewer.† For each eye to see a complete different edition of each angle rather than, parts of the combined edition the lenses, alternately open and shut. This method is very much similar to the old view master, except it  views the images at a rapid sequence rather than showing each eye a different image at the same time. This method is highly effective for creating a 3D effect but it still has some disadvantage to it, the frame rate of the content decreases by half. â€Å"Video normally runs at 30 frames per second (29.97 to be exact) so with this method of 3D each eye is only seeing 15 frames per second, this lessons the apparent smoothness of the content.† [Burden, 2011] 3D has been around for more than a century in different forms, b ut companies compete to advance its technology and satisfying their clients. One of these companies happens to be Samsung, and it is surely working hard due to the outcomes. Samsung’s 3d technology is exceptional and through out the years it just keeps improving. New qualities that their 3d television have is that its completely immersive and realistic, as well as being able to watch from all angles which is great for big families or big crowds. [Samsung, 2011] Also the company has been producing a wider range of models and screen sizes in order to fit everyone’s needs. â€Å" Worth your money, fits nicely into the generally accepted ‘ bigger is better’ †. Al though other companies may produce 3d televisions as well, such as Sony and LG, however, â€Å"while their televisions are much more cleaner in terms of visuals, though not quite as impressive when it comes to sheet impact of their 3d effect.† [Rivington J] What Samsung was able to accomplish with much research and development was a reduction in ghosting; ghosting is in which â€Å"picture information meant for one eye intrudes into the other eye’s view. This results in a ghostly double-image around objects in the frame†, ghosting was reduced thanks to the new backlight-scanning feature. [Josh Zybe, 2011] â€Å" The sets also have a ‘peak brightness’ feature that automatically adjusts brightness levels in dark scenes during 3d viewing to help create brighter overall 3d images†. [James K. Wilcox, 2011] Not only did Samsung reduce ghosting in addition to other defects or problems that may have been present in 3d televisions, they were capable of reducing eye fatigue thanks to â€Å" 3d auto contrast technology, which maximizes the contrast between objects in the foreground and background†. [James K. Wilcox, 2011] Director Phil Newton stated that Samsung’s 3D technology has been rising in demand and that the technology has become â€Å" a mandatory, must-have feature†. [Dudley J, 2012] Our present is the future of yesterday, and day-by-day Samsung’s amazing innovations astonish us. Latest Samsung  products are made so intelligent and user friendly that they not only understand the touch of a fingertip but also voice control and hand gestures, so the logo â€Å"designed for humans† really has a thought to it. With a fast changing technology, there is no telling what products companies might introduce in the future. Non-stop innovations and breakthroughs with high competition as the fuel made all these possible. Things that people only imagine or in fact don’t even dream of are now a reality and has become a part of our everyday lives. One example is 3D technology, around 8 decades ago people who had black and white TVs couldn’t imagine having colorful and vivid images presented to them on their screens let alone having TVs with 3D capabilities. But with the help of information technology this has been made possible and there’s even more beyond it being offered. In the near future we expect Samsung to radically increase the number of Samsung users. As well as expand in different aspects of products. Some of the features that will be introduced to us in the near future will include: â€Å"Dynamic UI, Portable Native, Co-Work Scroll, Organic Farmer, Virtual Experience Room, Location based 3D Gesture UI, Power Nap, My Chef, Intelligent searcher, Gesture UI, One Card Solution, Wearable Display, Motion Based UI by Bending, Study Mate, Ambience Capturer, Smart Closet, Communication Hotline, Information Bridge, Instant Video Camera, Wearable Phone, Eye Tracking, Magic Lamp, and a Future Camcorder†. With all these possibilities incredible things can be done, and if Samsung does achieve it, then it will stand proudly at the top of the electronic market. Remember â€Å"The future of Samsung starts with your imagination†. [Samsungalps, 2011] While those ideas are already in the making, other possible improvements in the televisions available now in the market can be the addition of a hologram effect. In 3D, it seems like the images are popping out of the screen but in holograms, with the help of lasers will enable viewers to see 3D images on a two dimensional surface. The object can be viewed from different perspectives and can sometimes appear to be moving along with the person watching it depending on the angle just like how it is in reality. Holograms are already being used in many different ways like in CNN where they watch the reporter located in another city using a hologram and it seems as if shes just in the same studio. There is also the 4D theatre, which is currently being used in amusement  parks and special cinemas. If this experience is made available to private homes in the future, it can be a huge breakthrough for the firm producing it. It will be expensive but theyll be able to cater it to the elites or people from the higher class and can give the company a new high-end image. 4D theatre works in a way where the people not only can see realistic images, but theyll be able to feel it too as if they are part of the movie. From the moving chairs, feet ticklers to water sprays, it makes the experience even more life like with the help of simulation technologies. Another possibility is the watch-TVs. Nowadays there are now watches where people can listen to music to or even go on the radio, so it wont be any long before an actual watch where TV shows can be viewed is produced. With the help of Information technology lots of features can now be added to watches or even the other way around where TVs can be reduced to the size of a large watch. And if Wi-Fi is even added then this will enable consumers to watch their favorite TV shows anywhere as long as its a Wi-Fi zone. With the technology available right now lots of unimaginable things can be produced and there’s still no limit to all these possibilities. â€Å" A true friend is someone who accepts your past, supports your present, and encourages your future† a true friend is Samsung.

Tools And Techniques Organizational Change â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Tools And Techniques Organizational Change? Answer Introducation Summary-This case study is on the organizational change management that was undertaken when Smithkline of the USA and Beecham of the UK merged in 1989. It focused on formulating a new company culture, values and leadership. The process of company-wide communication adopted was simply better throughout the company. The company used an external agent of change to help guide the process. The participative level restructuring that was implemented in 1994 however proved largely unsuccessful. Question one- The main management lesson in introducing change at SKB was that there is a difference between corporate level and unit level restructuring in organizational change (Oakland Tanner, 2007). While the corporate level was largely successful, the unit level changes proved to be a challenge. Lack of adequate resource allocation for implementing activities at unit level was one such problem. Opposition and suspicion of change at the production sites was also another challenge that was witnessed. Balancing organizational change activities, while maintaining production levels, proved to be unrealistic. Question two- One of the key lessons is that there should be enough resource allocation with activities designed during the OD change. Although there was significant allocation for resources during the training phase, there was a deficit for the same when it came to implementation (Cameron Green, 2012). Another lesson is that employees can be overburdened with too many activities at the same time, while being expected to maintain production levels. The use of external change agents also proved to have its shortcomings as it increased suspicion amongst employees. References Cameron, E., Green, M. (2012). Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. London: Kogan Page. Oakland, J. S., Tanner, S. (2007). Successful Change Management. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 18(1/2), 1. doi:10.1080/14783360601042890